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dual dating
In historical materials, dates will often be indicated with what appears to be duplicate, or excessive digits, sometimes separated by a hyphen or a slash. This is often referred to as double dating.〔In order to limit confusion with Dating (activity), the term dual dating is used as the title of this article.〕 The need for double dating arose from the transition from an older calendar to a newer one. For example, in "10/21 February 1750/51", the dual day of the month is due to the leap year correction of the Julian calendar by the Gregorian calendar, and the dual year is due to some countries beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using another date.
== Europe and its colonies: Old Style and New Style dates==
(詳細はThere is some confusion as to which calendar alteration OS or NS refers to: the change of the start of the year, or the transition of one style of calendar to another. Historically, OS referred only to the start of the year change to 1 January from March 25, and some historians still believe this is the best practice.〔J. R. Stockton (Date Miscellany I: The Old and New Styles ) "The terms 'Old Style' and 'New Style' are now commonly used for both the 'Start of Year' and 'Leap Year' changes (England & Wales: both in 1752; Scotland: 1600, 1752). I believe that, properly and historically, the 'Styles' really refer only to the 'Start of Year' change (from March 25 to January 1); and that the 'Leap Year' change should be described as the change from Julian to Gregorian."〕〔(Death warrant of Charles I ) web page of the (UK National Archives ).A demonstration of New Style meaning Julian calendar with a start of year adjustment.〕〔Mike Spathaky (Old Style New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar ). "increasingly parish registers, in addition to a new year heading after 24 March showing, for example '1733', had another heading at the end of the following December indicating '1733/4'. This showed where the New Style 1734 started even though the Old Style 1733 continued until 24th March.〕 However, OS and NS may refer to both alterations of the calendar.〔(The October (November) Revolution ) Encyclopædia Britannica, A demonstration of New Style meaning the Gregorian calendar.〕〔D. Joshua Taylor; Reference Librarian/Research Services Coordinator New England Historic Genealogical Society: OS is generally accepted to indicate the earlier day and year of the Julian calendar, and NS the later day and year of the Gregorian year.〕
During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it,〔Gregorian calendar〕 it was often necessary to indicate the date of an event in both the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar. Also, even before 1582, the year sometimes had to be double dated because different countries began the year on different dates.
For instance, the calendar in the British Empire did not immediately change. Woolley, writing in his biography of John Dee (1527–1608/9), notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers "customarily" used "two dates" on their letters, one OS and one NS.〔Benjamin Woolley, ''The Queen's Conjurer: The science and magic of Dr. John Dee, adviser to Queen Elizabeth I'' (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2001) p.173〕 The Calendar Act 1750 altered the start of the year,〔In Scotland the legal start of year had been moved to 1 January in 1600 (Mike Spathaky. ''(Old Style New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar )''); and as Ireland was not part of the union of Great Britain, separate legislation was needed for Ireland.〕 and also aligned the British calendar 11 days later to comply with the Gregorian calendar.
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